home
***
CD-ROM
|
disk
|
FTP
|
other
***
search
/
Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing?
/
Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing (1998)(Marshall Media)[Mac-PC].iso
/
pc
/
illusion
/
hub_fie.cxt
/
00057_Field_frep03.txt
< prev
next >
Wrap
Text File
|
1996-12-30
|
2KB
|
68 lines
THE PHOTORECEPTORS
A single cone (left) and two rods
and a cone (right) have been
teased apart and stained with
osmic acid. The slender process
at the top of each cell is the
outer segment, which contains
the visual pigment. The fibers
at the bottom go to the synaptic
regions, not shown.
It was many years before
much progress was made in the
physiology of the receptors,
bipolars, horizontal cells, or
amacrine cells. There are many
reasons for this: vascular
pulsations bedevil our attempts
to keep microelectrodes in or
close to single cells; receptors,
bipolars, and horizontal cells
do not fire impulses, so that
recording the much smaller
graded potentials requires
intracellular techniques; and
it is hard to be certain which of
the cell types our electrode is
in or near. We can circumvent
some of these problems by
choosing just the right animal:
retinas of cold-blooded
vertebrates survive when taken
out of the eye and bathed in
oxygenated salt water, and
eliminating the blood
circulation eliminates arterial
pulsations; the mudpuppy (a
kind of large salamander) has
very large cells, easy to record
from; fish, frogs, turtles,
rabbits, and cats all have
special advantages for one or
another kind of study, so that
many species have been used in
the study of retinal physiology.
The problem with using so many
species is that the details of the
organization of the retinas can
differ markedly from one
species to the next. Moreover,
our knowledge of the primate
retina, one of the most difficult
to record from, has until
recently had to depend largely
on inferences from the results
pooled from these other species.
But progress in primates is
accelerating as the technical
difficulties are overcome.
In the past few years, our
understanding of the way in
which a rod or cone responds to
light has dramatically
increased, so much so that one
has the feeling of at last
beginning to understand how
they work.